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It appears that this quiz is not set up correctlyCoronavirus disease (COVID-19)
Coronavirus disease is an infectious disease which is caused by an unknown virus. This disease causes respiratory illness which results in death in severe conditions. This disease is a highly infectious disease and has hit the travel industry very severely. The world economy has been affected adversely due to COVID-19 and a global effort has been initiated by the World health organization and all nations to combat the spread of this disease. Through this article, we will make you aware of symptoms of COVID-19 and what are precautionary measures we can take to protect ourselves and travel updates that are affecting our global travel community due to this outbreak.
Background – COVID-19 is an unknown virus that is causing a respiratory illness like Flu which is primarily affecting our lungs causing major respiratory disorders resulting in death of the affected person. This disease is fatal for people with weaker immunity like Senior citizens or people who have pre-diagnosed medical conditions like asthma or heart disease. Common symptoms are cough, fever, tiredness, difficulty breathing (severe cases). So far there has been no cure found and it seems to have originated from mainland china (Wuhan).
Prevention – Since there are no vaccines to combat this disease as yet the best possible option is prevention.
1)HANDSWash them often – As its believed its an infectious disease which spreads when contacted with an infected person, the first primary step that needs to be taken is to stay clean and wash hands regularly to avoid contamination.
2)ELBOW Cough into it – While coughing make sure you cover your face or cough into the elbow to avoid further spread of the virus.
3)FACE Don’t touch it – Do not touch the face or cover it with a mask the virus is not airborne but in case you have been in contact with an infected person there is a high possibility you may touch your face which will cause you to be infected.
4)SPACE Keep a safe distance – Try and maintain safe distances at public places and your workplace to avoid contact.
5)HOME Stay if you can – Currently, this is the best option to avoid all above 4. Try to avoid crowded places and opt for work from home if the same is possible.
Currently, there are no treatments to COVID-19 and prevention seems to be the best cure.
Below are certain links that will help you to keep track of the number of infected and how to take precautions to travel to certain countries or to avoid travel if possible.
Below link will provide you with accurate updated data on the number of affected for a particular country or state or city,
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
It is recommended to avoid travel however individuals who have to travel should visit below website for travel advisories and travel bans. This link has updated information and is the official link of IATA and world health organization.
https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/international-travel-document-news/1580226297.htm
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/travel-advice
Besides relying on the above link it is essential to contact airlines or your travel agent for advice. The best option would be not to travel however if essential do contact your embassy or consulate if you are out of your country.
During this Global pandemic, we encourage all to exercise precautions and stay safe and healthy. And lastly, we need global support along with prayers. Below is the link from the World health organization, those who wish to contribute click on the below link or visit WHO website.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/donate
We hope that we all will be vigilant in this testing hour and this shall also pass.
How to Check for HIP in fare construction?
In our Last post, we explained to you a few concepts of fare construction and in this post, we continue on other related topics about fare construction. HIP check is one of the most common checks used in fare construction. HIP stands for Higher Intermediate Point. Higher intermediate point is a check that has to be done for an itinerary to check if any of the fare for an itinerary from point of commencement to the destination point should be less than the actual fare and in case if any of these points have a fare which is more than the actual fare from point of origin to destination than that fare will be applied and shall be considered as actual fare for the itinerary. The point or city due to which the fare has been raised is known as a Higher Intermediate point. This concept is used in fare construction to maximize the revenue for an itinerary and this check enables the same. We understand after reading this many of you may not clearly understand the concept or logic behind the HIP rule hence below graphical explanation will make it easier to understand.
Example 1 No HIP:- Mr. Smith will be traveling to Stockholm Sweden. He will be traveling via Amsterdam and returning via Copenhagen for his return trip. He has paid GBP 2071 for his flight ticket. We will check his itinerary below to see if any HIP was applied for his travel itinerary.
If you notice above the chart on left displays fares from Aberdeen to certain cities in Europe. Chart 1.2 illustrates the cities which will be traveled for this itinerary.
Before you learn how to check for HIP it is important to read the Fare charts. So first we shall learn briefly how to read the fare chart. This is important since we have to check fares from point of origin to all other points to check HIP.
In the above Charts, the YIF is the fare Basis or fare which will be applied for the itinerary. The one which has Bold characters is the return fare and the light one is one-way fare up to this point. After Fare basis fares are displayed first in local currency in this case since the travel originates in UK the fares are quoted in GBP. Next to Local currency fare you can see NUC fares, NUC fares are used in fare construction and this are the fares that would be used for checking the HIP. Further, right next to Fares you will see Fare rules code (Z002) for the fare and finally Global indicator used between two cities and MPM between two cities. Now that you know how to read Fares from A fare chart you are ready to check for fares between pair of two cities and identify HIP for an Itinerary.
Steps to Identify HIP
- Identify the point of origin and Point of Destination.
- Mark all the cities on the itinerary.
- Note NUC level fare for Origin to Destination. In this example 3458.09 is the return NUC for Aberdeen to Stockholm.
- Make a rough chart as below and note all the NUC from point of origin to subsequent points.
| ABZ-STO | 3458.09 | |||
| Aberdeen | Amsterdam | Stockholm | Copenhagen | |
| Aberdeen | NA | 1792.53 | 3458.09 | 1211.16 |
| Amsterdam | NA | NA | 1359.61 | 1089.55 |
| Stockholm | NA | NA | NA | 590.55 |
| Copenhagen | NA | NA | NA | NA |
If you see the above chart we have compared NUC levels from Aberdeen to All subsequent cities on itinerary and from all subsequent cities to other cities is also compared to check if any of the subsequent points or any journey from point of origin has a higher fare. After comparing the above chart you will notice the highest fare for this itinerary is NUC 3458.09 which is between Aberdeen to Stockholm, the origin and destination route itself has the highest fare hence HIP is actual fare or No HIP is detected for this itinerary.
Example 2 HIP Fare Applies:- Mr. Smith decides to travel to Germany again. This time he would be visiting Berlin via Amsterdam and on his return trip, he takes a stopover in Hamburg to come back to Aberdeen. We will check his itinerary if there is a possibility of the HIP for this routing.
We follow the same steps to check for HIP as discussed for the above example. The first step is to ascertain your point of origin and destination. Then we check for NUC Fare between Point of Origin and Destination. In This case, it is 1667.23 hence it is the actual fare.
NUC between Origin and Destination – NUC 1677.23
Now we check for all the NUC fares from Subsequent points to check for a higher fare. It is advisable to make a chart as below which would make it easier to compare.
| ABZ-BER | 1667.23 | |||
| Aberdeen | Amsterdam | Berlin | Hamburg | |
| Aberdeen | NA | 1792.53 | 1667.23 | 2118.29 |
| Amsterdam | NA | NA | 669.20 | 1814.55 |
| Berlin | NA | NA | NA | 485.70 |
| Hamburg | NA | NA | NA | NA |
In this example, you will notice that multiple times there are NUC fares which are higher than the Actual fare between origin and destination. We have highlighted those higher fares above.
Fare From Aberdeen to Amsterdam is 1792.53
Fare From Aberdeen to Hamburg is 2118.29
The fare from Amsterdam to Hamburg is 1814.55
In the above itinerary since Aberdeen to Hamburg has the highest value the same is considered as HIP point and will be considered as Actual fare.
We hope the above information was useful and will help you in understanding how to ascertain HIP for a particular itinerary.
We hope the above article has been informative and will help you in clearing your doubts and for IATA exam preparations. In case, if you have any queries, do write to us at admin@talearnings.com and if you like what you see please support us by hitting like on our Facebook page.
Basics on Fare Construction 1
Through this article, we try to explain the basics of fare construction. This article provides a brief introduction to the world of airfare construction. Some of the points covered below can be of great value to students pursuing travel studies or IATA Foundation course.
COC – COC stands for Country of commencement. Its the point or city from where the itinerary will commence. If you are calculating fare between LON-NYC, then the country of commencement would be the United Kingdom. Determining COC is vital since it is the first step and will decide the final fare that needs to be determined in local currency.
NUC – NUC stands for the Neutral unit of construction. NUC is a unit used to build fares between two cities. NUC is a common unit which is used globally for constructing mileage-based fares by all airlines. All international fares are quoted in NUC and later converted to local Currency of respective countries this creates uniformity in fare construction globally. NUC is equivalent to the US dollar and has been designated by IATA as the sole unit of constructing a fare between two cities. Even though Local currency exchange rates may vary from country to country NUC level remains constant.
Below is a fare generated for an itinerary from Dubai to London and Back. You can see that even though the Fare is in AED 6160 (Emirates Dirham ) the fare constructed is in NUC. Taxes, on the other hand, will always be quoted in local currency.
MPM – MPM stands for Maximum Permitted Mileage. It is the maximum mileage that is permitted for an itinerary between two cities. MPM is determined by IATA and it remains constant. However different global indicators have varying MPM and fares can be constructed accordingly. Below is an extract from IATA’s PAT (passenger air tariff book ) which shows MPM from Balikpapan Indonesia to a List of other cities.
If you see the above chart you will notice some cities appear twice in this chart. This is because any itinerary constructed from Balikpapan to any of these cities has more than one Global indicator hence MPM for varying Global Indicators is published.
Below is an example of an itinerary from Balikpapan to Venice Italy. If you notice Venice which is highlighted above in MPM table has 3 MPM’s as per global indicators EH-Eastern Hemisphere, AP – Atlantic pacific and TS – Trans Siberian. Since the traveler here wants to travel to japan en-route the Global indicator that will be applied for this itinerary is TS and the MPM against this Global indicator will be the maximum permitted mileage.
The itinerary that is constructed above has 3 stopovers i.e.:- in Jakarta, Tokyo and Rome. The cumulative flown mileage of this routing is 10749 miles and since we are taking a route via Tokyo Japan we can apply Trans Siberian as Global indicator for this itinerary which has MPM of 10832 miles which is just within the total mileage permitted for constructing this itinerary. EH is another global indicator that we could have used in case the traveler did not want to take a stopover in Tokyo.
Using global indicators in coordination with the above chart and a strong acumen of world geography will help you to construct good itineraries. Hence understanding the concept of MPM is vital in your study of Fare construction.
TPM – TPM stands for ticketed point mileage. It is the actual number of miles that are used for constructing an Itinerary between two points or cities. TPM can be greater, less or equal to MPM since TPM is the actual miles that are used for constructing a particular itinerary.
EMA – EMA stands for Extra Mileage Allowance. Extra mileage allowance is a grace allowance in mileage which is permitted when traveling via a certain city (point).
For eg:- In the Above example, the travel is from Balikpapan Indonesia to Mumbai via Jakarta, Manila, and Bangkok. The Maximum permitted mileage between Balikpapan to Mumbai is set at 4011 miles and if the TPM goes beyond this surcharge would be charged. In the above scenario, the TPM for the above itinerary would be 4087 which is higher than the MPM and hence a surcharge should be applied, however, if you notice in below EMA table you will see that this routing is permitted to avail EMA. The Area 3 EMA paragraph specifies any travel within Area commencing or via Mumbai, New Delhi, Karachi and Islamabad will Qualify for Extra mileage allowance of 700. This EMA will be Added to MPM and hence the total becomes 4711 which is more than MPM 4087 hence surcharge won’t be applied for this itinerary because of Extra mileage allowance.
If you see the above tables Extra mileage allowance is applicable for routings throughout the globe via certain points hence it is essential to always check for EMA table before applying a surcharge for the itinerary.
EMS – EMS stands for Excess mileage surcharge. Excess mileage surcharge is calculated when TPM or the total number of miles flown exceed MPM or Maximum permitted miles. In a scenario where TPM exceeds MPM, a surcharge is added to the fare based upon a calculation, however, EMA or Extra mileage allowance should always be considered before calculating surcharge. In the scenario discussed in the previous example although TPM was greater than MPM after adding EMA the chance for surcharge was negated. However such situations don’t occur frequently and at times even after considering EMA the surcharge applies. In certain scenarios, the EMA plus MPM does not cover the TPM or total miles flown and the surcharge has to be applied. The formula to calculate the surcharge is very simple. TPM (total miles flown) divided by MPM (Maximum permitted mileage) and the output or result that you will get after this division decides the surcharge you will apply for the itinerary as per below table.
If the output of TPM divided by MPM is greater than 1 but less than 1.05 your surcharge applicable would be 5%. If its greater than 1.05 but less than 1.10 then you will apply surcharge as 10% and so and so forth as per the table above.
Below is an example where TPM Exceeds MPM.
MPM for Balikpapan to Mumbai = 4011
TPM For below itinerary = 5439
TPM exceeds MPM so surcharge will apply.
But as per EMA Table 700 extra mileage allowance will apply.
Calculation
MPM -4011
+ EMA 700
Total = 4711 (MPM + EMA)
TPM – 5439
TPM/MPM – 5439/4711 = 1.1545
As per the EMS table since the output is between 1.15 and 1.20 the surcharge applicable for this itinerary will be 20%. This surcharge will be added to the fare calculation.
We hope the above article has been informative and will help you in clearing your doubts and for IATA exam preparations. In case, if you have any queries, do write to us at admin@talearnings.com and if you like what you see please support us by hitting like on our Facebook page.
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What is IDL (international date line)?
The international dateline is an imaginary boundary that runs vertically from the North pole to the south pole acting as a universal indicator to commence and end a calendar day. This imaginary line geographically is located in the pacific ocean. The International Dateline passes at 180-degree longitude deviating to pass around some territories and island groups. The line itself is not completely linear as there are some countries that are in the Western hemisphere and some fall in the Eastern Hemisphere as the line passes through some island countries.
If you observe the above images you will notice in the first image the IDL is at the extreme left side at around 180 degrees and is not exactly a straight line. Similarly in image 2 of the globe, the line is not a straight line.
Why Does the IDL pass through the middle of the Pacific Ocean and not via some other country?
Many people may be curious as to why does the IDL is set in the middle of the pacific ocean and not somewhere else as the earth is spherical in shape. The answer to that is simple since the prime meridian or zero degrees longitude passes through Greenwich UK and earth being a globe 180 degrees from either of the sides east or west lies in the pacific ocean. Supposing if the meridian had passed through any other country the time zones would have varied accordingly.
How does IDL affect travelers?
As all countries on the east of prime meridian would be ahead of time and all countries on the west of meridian would be behind the time of meridian the countries which are near to the Pacific on the left side of the line like Japan, Newzeland commence a day and countries to the right side of the line like the Hawai islands and other small pacific islands to the right side of the IDL will end the same calendar day. As such when a traveler from Japan when traveling to the USA which is on the other side of the line actually gains a day in travel.
Case 1 – The Curious Case of Mr. Lee’s travel from Hong Kong to Los Angeles USA.
Mr. Lee a resident of Hong Kong has booked his flight with Cathay Pacific airline from Hong Kong to LA. Cathay operates a non-stop service between two cities and flight leaves at 1215 am on the 1st of October from hong kong. Before Boarding the flight Mr. Lee checks all the details and notices the duration of the flight is 12hrs and 20 min and arrival time in LA will be 2035 (835pm), However, upon arrival, he checks with airline staff the time and date to adjust his clock and is advised that it was 835pm on 30th of September and not 1st of October he has reached a day earlier from when he had departed. Mr. Lee thinks about how is this possible since he clearly remembers he had departed on the 1st of October. Did Cathay Pacific airline passed through a wormhole or was it time travel. Where did the 12hrs 20 min vanish?
Here is the logical explain how this works?
Although Mr. Lee or Cathay did not technically travel ahead in time however they crossed something called an International Dateline. Hongkong is in Asia and is 8hrs ahead (+8) of GMT/UTC as per our time zones and Los Angles is in the USA (-8) behind Behind GMT/UTC. When the flight departed at 1215 am on 1st of October from Hongkong the time in GMT zone or Greenwich UK was 8hrs behind that means it was 415pm on the 30th of September and Los Angles is -8 hrs behind the GMT/UTC which means the local time LA when flight departed was 815am on 30th of September. So if you do the math and add 8 + 8 = 16 means Hongkong is 16hrs ahead of LA. The flight duration is 12hrs and 20 min.
16 hrs (time difference between HKG and LAX) minus 12 hrs 20 min (flight duration) = 3hrs 40 min (spare time)
So if the time difference between the two cities is 16hrs and flight duration is 12hrs 20 min Mr. Lee still had spare time when he landed in LA hence this spare time was adjusted (deducted) and he reached 3hrs 40 min earlier from when he departed.
The Flight departing time from Hongkong was 1215 am minus – spare time 3hrs 40 min = 835pm day before.
After a month or so Mr..Lee decided to come back to his home country. He loved his time in LA and was happy that he saved a day of his travel. He decided to take a flight with Cathay Pacific since he enjoyed their service and he reached way before he departed. He booked a ticket on CX 883 departing on 04th of November at 2330 (1130pm) and boarded his flight on schedule. He checked all the details and flight duration was 15hrs and 15min. By his calculations he would be reaching the next day in Hong Kong at around 1425hrs afternoon. But when he reached Hong Kong, it was Deja vu for him all over again. He checked with the airline staff and it was 0545am he was happy he reached earlier but then the airline staff advise it was06th of November and to his shock he realized he skipped an entire day. The reason how this happened can be explained as below.
How was this possible?
This is possible only because of IDL. The last time Mr. Lee traveled from Hong Kong to LA he traveled from east of IDL to west of IDL this time round he traveled in the opposite direction from West to East.
The time when he departed from LA was 2330 (1130pm) and LA is (-8) 8hrs behind GMT and Hongkong (+8) is 8hrs ahead of GMT. In short, both these cities have a time difference of 16hrs between them.
Hence when it was 1130pm in LA Hongkong was 16hrs ahead. This means 1130pm + 16hrs = 1530 or (330pm) so technically when he departed from LA it was already 5th of November 330pm in Hongkong and when we add travel time (flight duration) of 15hrs 15 min to that we get as below.
1530 + 15hrs and 15min = 0645am on 6th of November.
1530 + 30min + 1hr+1hr+1hr+ 1hr+1hr+1hr+ 1hr+1hr (8hrs30min out of 15hrs 15min of total travel time) = 12am or next 6th November still 6hrs 45min are added which becomes 0645am.
We hope the above article has been informative and will help you in clearing your doubts and for IATA exam preparations. In case, if you have any queries, do write to us at admin@talearnings.com and if you like what you see please support us by hitting like on our facebook page.
What is GMT?
GMT also know as Greenwich meantime is an imaginary line that passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich UK marking it as a prime meridian dividing the globe into 24 equal time zones 12 on the west of the meridian which would be behind GMT and 12 on the east of meridian which would be ahead of GMT.
Why GMT was introduced?
Prior to GMT, there was no standardization of time and local time of the place you are residing was considered as the correct time. However, this practice of following the local time became difficult for all who were involved in traveling or transporting goods services and people as local times at two different places did not match and this caused great inconvenience. Hence to overcome this hindrance on the 1st of November 1884 GMT was adopted universally at the International Meridian Conference in Washington, DC, USA. As a result, the International Date Line was drawn up and 24 time zones were created dividing the globe into 24 equal time zones, 12 on the west of the meridian which would be behind GMT and 12 on the east of meridian which would be ahead of GMT.
What is UTC?
UTC stands for Coordinated universal time. It is not a time zone like GMT but an agreement that all the countries globally will follow a similar time eliminating any errors occurring on account of variations in local times.UTC is within about 1 second of mean solar time at 0° longitude and is not adjusted for daylight saving time. UTC was first introduced in 1928 however there have been several changes made to UTC. Since the 1st of January 1972, the UTC time is coordinated with an atomic clock and this time standard is followed and accepted globally.
In the upcoming post, we will explain to you what is the International dateline and how it influences travel.
We hope the above article has been informative and will help you in clearing your doubts and for IATA exam preparations. In case, if you have any queries, do write to us at admin@talearnings.com
IATA Global Indicators Explained
Global Indicators are two-letter codes used in fare construction to determine the routing to which the fare applies. This is one of the first steps in the construction of fares if you are unable to identify the correct global indicator for a routing then most probably you would end up choosing the wrong fare for the itinerary hence learning Global indicators is Vital. In an earlier post, we learned about IATA areas/ Traffic conferences this learning will be applied now. Below we will explain all Global Indicators.
WH– Western Hemisphere – Any Travel itinerary which originates and ends in Western Hemisphere or TC1 will have WH as Global indicator.
For Eg:- Travel from Miami to Rio De Janerio Brazil will have WH as a global indicator.
EH-Eastern Hemisphere – When Travel is conducted solely within the Eastern hemisphere the itinerary will have Global Indicator as EH.
Case 1 – Madrid to Bangkok (from TC2 to TC3).
Case 2 -From Delhi to Bangkok (entirely with TC3)
Case 3 -From Madrid to Cairo (within TC2)
PA or Pacific – When travel is conducted across the Pacific ocean only then Global indicator “PA” applies for the itinerary.
Case 1 – Travel from Vancouver in Canada (TC1) to Jakarta Indonesia (TC2) crossing pacific Ocean.
GI PA- Jakarta to Vancouver via pacific route
Case 2 – Travel from Mexico City (TC1) to Capetown(TC2) via Hongkong (TC3).
In this case as well since the travel is conducted across the pacific ocean and Indian ocean hence “PA” global indicator will be applicable for the itinerary.
PN– Pacific North – This Global indicator is similar to PA with one major distinction. When travel is conducted between Area 1 and Area 3 via North America across the pacific ocean then the itinerary will have a Global indicator as PN.
Case 1 – In this case travel is conducted from Santiago Chile (TC1) to Auckland New Zealand (TC3) via Bogota (TC1) and more importantly via Los Angles (TC1 North America) hence Global indicator will be PN instead of PA.
AP – Atlantic/Pacific – When travel is conducted across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans both then AP global indicator will be applied for the itinerary.
In Below, Case travel is conducted from Istanbul (TC2) to Tokyo (TC3) via Newyork (TC1). Since travel is conducted by crossing both the oceans Atlantic and Pacific then, in this case, AP will be the Global Indicator for this route.
AT – Atlantic – When travel is conducted across the Atlantic Ocean the itinerary will have “AT” as a global indicator. (TC1 and TC2 or TC3).
Case 1- Mexico city (North America-TC1) to Madrid (Europe-TC2) crossing Atlantic ocean hence Global indicator AT will apply.
Case 2 – Travel Itinerary below is from Newyork city (TC1) to Sydney (TC3) Via London (TC2). In this case, since travel is conducted across the Atlantic ocean from North America to Australia via the UK (TC2) the applicable Global indicator will be “AT”.
Case 3 – In this itinerary travel is conducted from Rio De Janerio (TC1) to Seoul (TC3) via London (TC2) across the Atlantic ocean hence this itinerary will have Global indicator as “AT”.
Note – When conducting the same travel itinerary if travel is across Atlantic but via certain specific areas in central and south countries of Africa then in such case, the applicable global indicator would be SA instead of AT.
SA-South East Asia or South Atlantic – When Travel is conducted from South Atlantic Countries which are ABCUP – Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and Paraguay to Southeast Asia to South Asian Subcontinent via Southern Africa or Indian ocean island or direct transatlantic flights than for such itinerary Global indicator “SA” will be applied.
In the below example travel is from Buenos Aires (TC1) to Mumbai (TC3) via Capetown (TC2). Since the via point in this example is via Capetown which is a southern African country the applicable global indicator will be SA instead of AT.
This rule/global indicator is an exception for AT global indicator. Although the itinerary is across the Atlantic however since its via a south African country the global indicator SA applies.
FE – Far East -When travel is conducted between European Russia or Russia west of Urals (primarily Moscow and St.Petersburg) and Ukraine to TC3 non-stop (exception of travel to Japan and Korea) then the itinerary will have Global Indicator as FE.
In the below case travel is from Moscow to Beijing non-stop and hence FE will be the global indicator. (Please note since this travel is entirely in eastern hemisphere hence EH can also be considered as GI for this route however the first preference will go to FE )
RU -Russian – When travel is conducted from Russia west of Urals to Area 3 except for travel to Central Asian countries via non-stop travel from Japan and Korea then the itinerary will be RU.
(Please note since this travel is entirely in eastern hemisphere hence EH can also be considered as GI for this route however the first preference will go to RU )
Case – In the below case the flight departs from Moscow to Osaka japan hence this is considered as RU global indicator. If this travel would have been from Bejing to Moscow via Japan and Korea then also this global indicator would apply.
TS – Trans Siberian – When travel is conducted from TC2 (except Russia west of Urals) to TC3 via a non-stop service from japan and Korea then the itinerary will have a Global indicator as TS.
(Please note since this travel is entirely in eastern hemisphere hence EH can also be considered as GI for this route however the first preference will go to RU )
Case 1 – In below case travel is conducted from Brisbane (Australia TC3) to Dakar (Senegal TC2) via a non-stop flight from Tokyo Japan (TC3) and Madrid Spain (TC2) hence this itinerary will have a global indicator as TS.
Case 2 – In the below case travel is commenced from European Russia Moscow (TC2) to Bangkok Thailand (TC3) via Frankfurt Europe (TC2 ) and Japan (TC3) the global indicator for this itinerary will be TS.
Note – If the travel would have been via Frankfurt to Bangkok instead then this itinerary would have a Global indicator as FE instead of TS. ( Travelling via japan gives this itinerary the global indicator TS instead of FE.
We hope the above article has been informative and will help you in clearing your doubts and for IATA exam preparations. In case, if you have any queries, do write to us at admin@talearnings.com.
You can take a small quiz below to put your knowledge to test.
What are Traffic Conference Areas or Iata Areas ?
Geographically the world is divided into four parts that are the Western hemisphere, Eastern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, and Northern Hemisphere. The Equator is the imaginary line that passes horizontally and divides the earth equally, Similarly prime meridian is the line that passes vertically and divides the earth equally. The area which is to the south of Equator is termed as Southern Hemisphere and to the north of the equator is termed as Northern Hemisphere. Similarly, the countries or area which lies to the west of the prime meridian is called Western Hemisphere and to the east of the prime meridian is called Eastern Hemisphere. However, if this rule followed for Air travel it will cause confusion as the prime meridian which passes through London passes through many countries making it difficult to follow and the same applies to equator aswell. Hence to negate this issue IATA has divided the globe into the Western hemisphere comprising only the Americas and Greenland and Eastern hemisphere which comprises every other continent. For further segregation, the globe is divided into 3 areas also known as Traffic Conferences-TC1, TC2, TC3.
Area-1 (Tariff Conference – 1(TC1)
North America
Canada, Greenland, Mexico, St. Pierre & Miquelon, USA including Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands.
US Territories
American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Swains Is., Baker Is., Kingman Reef, Palmyra Is., Guam, Midway Is., Wake Is., Howland Is., Northern Mariana Is., Jarvis, Saipan.
Caribbean
Anguilla, Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Antilles, Antigua and Bermuda, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, Barbados, Haiti, St. Vincent and The grenadines, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, Martinique, Turks and Caicos Is., Dominica, Montserrat, British Virgin Islands.
Central America
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua.
South America
Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, French Guiana, Suriname, Brazil, Guyana, Uruguay, Chile, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Paraguay.
Area 2 (Tariff Conference – 2(TC2))
Europe
Albania, Germany, Norway, Algeria, Gibraltar, Poland, Andorra, Greece, Portugal, Armenia, Hungary, Romania, Austria, Iceland, Russia (in Europe), Azerbaijan, Ireland, San Marino, Belarus, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Latvia,
Slovakia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Spain, Croatia, Luxembourg, Sweden, Cyprus, Macedonia, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Malta, Tunisia, Denmark, Moldova, Turkey, Estonia, Monaco, Ukraine, Finland, Montenegro, United Kingdom, France, Morocco, Georgia, Netherlands.
Middle East
Bahrain, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait, Sudan, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Qatar, Yemen.
Africa
Central Africa
Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Eastern Africa
Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda.
South Western Africa
Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland.
Western Africa
Angola, Benin, Burkina, Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Brazzaville, Congo Kinshasa, Côte D’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea – Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.
Indian Ocean Islands
Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion, Seychelles, Libya.
Area 3 (Tariff Conference – 3(TC3))
Asia
South Asian
Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal.
South East Asia
Brunei, Darussalam, Kyrgyzstan, Palau, Cambodia, Laos, Philippines, China (excluding Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR),Macao SAR, Russia (in Asia), Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), Malaysia, Singapore, Guam, Micronesia, Thailand, Hong Kong SAR, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Northern Mariana Is., Viet Nam(Saipan, Rota).
Japan/Korea
Japan, Korea
Oceania
South West Pacific
American Samoa, Nauru, Solomon Is, Australia, New Caledonia, Tonga, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Tuvalu, Fiji, Niue, Vanuatu French Polynesia, Papua New Guinea, Wallis and Futuna Is., Kiribati, Samoa.
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Based on the above concept of traffic conferences we have a quiz for all students of travel studies who want to practice and learn more.
It appears that this quiz is not set up correctlyWhat is Traffic Conference Areas (TC’s)?
Geographically the world is divided into four parts that are the Western hemisphere, Eastern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, and Northern Hemisphere. The Equator is the imaginary line that passes horizontally and divides the earth equally, Similarly prime meridian is the line that passes vertically and divides the earth equally. The area which is to the south of Equator is termed as Southern Hemisphere and to the north of the equator is termed as Northern Hemisphere. Similarly, the countries or area which lies to the west of the prime meridian is called Western Hemisphere and to the east of the prime meridian is called Eastern Hemisphere. However, if this rule followed for Air travel it will cause confusion as the prime meridian which passes through London passes through many countries making it difficult to follow and the same applies to equator aswell. Hence to negate this issue IATA has divided the globe into the Western hemisphere comprising only the Americas and Greenland and Eastern hemisphere which comprises every other continent. For further segregation, the globe is divided into 3 areas also known as Traffic Conferences-TC1, TC2, TC3.
Area-1 (Tariff Conference – 1(TC1)
North America
Canada, Greenland, Mexico, St. Pierre & Miquelon, USA including Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands.
US Territories
American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Swains Is., Baker Is., Kingman Reef, Palmyra Is., Guam, Midway Is., Wake Is., Howland Is., Northern Mariana Is., Jarvis, Saipan.
Caribbean
Anguilla, Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Antilles, Antigua and Bermuda, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, Barbados, Haiti, St. Vincent and The grenadines, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, Martinique, Turks and Caicos Is., Dominica, Montserrat, British Virgin Islands.
Central America
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua.
South America
Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, French Guiana, Suriname, Brazil, Guyana, Uruguay, Chile, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Paraguay.
Area 2 (Tariff Conference – 2(TC2))
Antarctica
Antarctica
Europe
Europe
Albania, Germany, Norway, Algeria, Gibraltar, Poland, Andorra, Greece, Portugal, Armenia, Hungary, Romania, Austria, Iceland, Russia (in Europe), Azerbaijan, Ireland, San Marino, Belarus, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Latvia,
Slovakia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Spain, Croatia, Luxembourg, Sweden, Cyprus, Macedonia, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Malta, Tunisia, Denmark, Moldova, Turkey, Estonia, Monaco, Ukraine, Finland, Montenegro, United Kingdom, France, Morocco, Georgia, Netherlands.
Middle East
Bahrain, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait, Sudan, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Qatar, Yemen.
Africa
Central Africa
Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Eastern Africa
Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda.
South Western Africa
Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland.
Western Africa
Angola, Benin, Burkina, Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Brazzaville, Congo Kinshasa, Côte D’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea – Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.
Indian Ocean Islands
Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion, Seychelles, Libya.
Area 3 (Tariff Conference – 3(TC3))
Asia
South Asian
Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal.
South East Asia
Brunei, Darussalam, Kyrgyzstan, Palau, Cambodia, Laos, Philippines, China (excluding Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR),Macao SAR, Russia (in Asia), Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), Malaysia, Singapore, Guam, Micronesia, Thailand, Hong Kong SAR, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Northern Mariana Is., Viet Nam(Saipan, Rota).
Japan/Korea
Japan, Korea
Oceania
South West Pacific
American Samoa, Nauru, Solomon Is, Australia, New Caledonia, Tonga, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Tuvalu, Fiji, Niue, Vanuatu French Polynesia, Papua New Guinea, Wallis and Futuna Is., Kiribati, Samoa.
Based on the above concept of traffic conferences we have a quiz for all students of travel studies who want to practice and learn more.